Dolor de espalda. Generalidades en su diagnóstico y tratamiento / Generalities of Back Pain in Diagnosis And Treatment

Introducción: El dolor de espalda es un síntoma frecuente y de distribución universal que afecta a personas de cualquier edad y de ambos sexos. El 80 % de la población presentará un dolor de espalda en algún momento de su vida. Los procesos agudos son autolimitados y se resuelven en el plazo de unas semanas, excepto algunos casos que se cronifican y requieren asistencia médica continuada. Los cuadros crónicos son más frecuentes en edades comprendidas entre 45 y 65 años y en el sexo femenino. Objetivo: Actualizar los elementos generales relacionados con el diagnóstico y tratamiento del dolor de espalda. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión detallada en la literatura en relación al dolor de espalda en cuanto a su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se obtuvo literatura actualizada en las bases de datos Cumed, Ibec, Lilac, Pubmed/Medline, Scopus y Wholis. Se hizo una revisión del tema fundamentalmente de los últimos 5 años. Conclusiones: El dolor de espalda es un síntoma frecuente y de distribución universal que afecta a personas de cualquier edad y de ambos sexos. Las recomendaciones presentadas están basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible, con la intención de estandarizarlas para el tratamiento del dolor de espalda en la Atención Primaria de Salud y para el tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico(AU)

Introduction: Back pain is a frequent and universally distributed symptom that affects people of any age and of both sexes. 80% of the population will experience back pain at some point in their lives. Acute processes are self-limiting and resolve within a few weeks, except for some cases that become chronic and require continued medical care. Chronic symptoms are more frequent in ages between 45 and 65 years and in the female sex. Objective: To update the general elements related to the diagnosis and treatment of back pain. Methods: A detailed review of the literature was carried out in relation to back pain in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Updated literature was retrieved from Cumed, Ibec, Lilac, Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Wholis databases. A review of the subject was made fundamentally of the last 5 years. Conclusions: Back pain is a frequent and universally distributed symptom that affects persons of any age and both sexes. The recommendations are based on the best available evidence, with the intention of standardizing them for treating back pain in Primary Health Care and for pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment(AU)

Nuevas técnicas para medir el nivel de actividad física en estudios epidemiológicos sobre enfermedades no transmisibles en Cuba / New techniques to measure physical activity levels in epidemiological studies about non-communicable diseases in Cuba

Introducción: Los estudios epidemiológicos sobre enfermedades no transmisibles en Cuba requieren técnicas que determinen el nivel de actividad física de manera práctica, válida, confiable y costo-efectiva. Objetivo: Caracterizar las técnicas que miden el nivel de actividad física de cuestionarios validados por sensores de movimiento y que resulten aplicables en la población cubana. Métodos: La búsqueda se efectuó a través de bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS y SciELO. Las palabras utilizadas en la búsqueda fueron: actividad física, actividad física/técnicas de medición, actividad física/cuestionario, inactividad física y enfermedades no transmisibles. Se consultaron documentos que hubiesen sido publicados en el periodo 2014-2019. Análisis e integración de la información: Se identificaron 66 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 36 que contribuyeron al resultado final. Se describieron las características más relevantes de cada técnica, así como también las semejanzas y diferencias entre ellas. Basado en los criterios de los autores referidos y el de los autores, se definió cuál sería la técnica apropiada a utilizar. Conclusiones: Se considera que los podómetros junto con la versión corta del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ, siglas en inglés), son las técnicas que pueden utilizarse para medir el nivel de actividad física en la población cubana(AU)

Introduction: Epidemiological studies about non-communicable diseases in Cuba require techniques that determine physical activity levels in a practical, valid, reliable and cost-effective manner. Objective: Characterize the techniques that measure the level of physical activity of questionnaires validated by movement sensors and that are applicable in the Cuban population. Methods: A search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS and SciELO, using the descriptors physical activity, physical activity / measurement techniques, physical activity / questionnaire, physical inactivity and non-communicable diseases. The documents consulted had been published in the period 2014-2019. Data analysis and integration: A total 66 articles were identified, of which 36 were selected that contributed to the final result. A description was performed of the most relevant characteristics of each technique, as well as the similarities and differences between them. Determination was made of the appropriate technique to be used, based on criteria issued by article authors and referred authors. Conclusions: Pedometers and the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were selected as the techniques to be used to measure physical activity levels in the Cuban population(AU)

Effects of water pilates on urinary loss, genital self-image and sexual function of elderly women

Descriptive, quasi experimental study with pre and post-test, which aimed to investigate the effects of Water Pilates (PA) on urinary incontinence, genital self-image and sexual function of elderly women. The sample consisted of seventeen elderly women aged 60 years or over, from a city in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire -Short Form (ICIQ-SF) was used as instruments to assess the impact of UI in quality of life and qualify urinary loss, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) to assess sexual function and Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) to assess women's perception of their own genitalia. The PA protocol was performed twice a week for 50 minutes performed for eight weeks, totaling 16 sessions. The protocol was divided into warm-up, strengthening exercises and stretching. It was observed that the sample was composed ofyoung elderly women (69.5 ± 5.9 years), overweight and with low FSFI and FGSIS scores. There was no significant change in the mean values before and after the intervention of the ICIQ-SF, FGSIS and FSFI scores. It was concluded that the PA method had no effect on urinary loss, sexual function and genital self-image.

Can exergames be used as an alternative to conventional exercises?

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to analyze if the exergaming exercise produces the same acute effects as conventional training. Methods: The Nintendo® Wii was chosen as the stimulus for this study. Participants should conduct a physical training session under Exergames Training (ET) and Conventional Training (CT). Both training conditions use two aerobic exercises and six strength exercises, which were always performed in the same sequence. The study group was composed of 30 young adults (16 men and 14 women, mean age of 23.7 ± 3.7 years). Results: Our findings showed significant results between pre and post-tests: the heart rate (HR) and the double product (DP) were higher in the post-exercise period, while the systolic blood pressure (SBP) was lower. Further analysis revealed that ET and CT conditions had no significant differences. ET condition showed to present similar results as CT condition to women (regarding HR, diastolic blood pressure - DBP, and DP), and to men (HR, SBP, and DBP). Conclusion: The present research showed that exergaming provides the same acute effects in physiological variables as conventional exercises. Thus, this kind of exercise can be a reliable way to improve the lifestyle of young adults.

Influence of Pilates Method on Nonspecific Lumbar Pain

Low back pain is defined as pain located between the lower rib cage and the gluteal folds, and its etiology is multifactorial, considerably affecting quality of life. The aim of this literature review was to analyze the influence of the Pilates method on the symptoms of patients with nonspecific low back pain, which is considered a promising treatment for this type of pathology. A narrative review of the literature was carried out using the PubMed, Pedro, Scopus and Scielo databases. To perform the search, Pilates AND Low back nonspecific AND Pain were used as keywords. Articles published in the last 5 years, randomized clinical trials that verified the influence of the Pilates method in adult individuals with unspecified low back pain and full text in English were included. Of the 77 articles identified, 7 articlesmet the inclusion criteria, 7 analyzed the primary outcomes of pain intensity and disability, 5 articles compared Pilates with other rehabilitation techniques and 2 studies compared the effectiveness of Pilates solo with Pilates apparatus. It was concluded that all the techniques that were compared with Pilates are effective, being difficult to affirm the superiority of Pilates over them in relation to the reduction of pain and disability and improvement of quality of life. However, the Pilates method has shown good results in pain perception and intensity, functional capacity, fear of movement and the idea that movement can worsen your condition, muscle strength, range of motion and flexibility.

Subacute effects of the number of Pilates exercise series on cardiovascular responses in hypertensive women

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the subacute effects of the number of Pilates exercise series (one and three) on the cardiovascular responses of medicated hypertensive women. Methods: Eight hypertensive and nine normotensive women underwent a Pilates session with low and high volume, and cardiovascular responses were measured. Aged sample of 50-65 years old underwent to anthropometrical measurements previously to the experimental procedures. The cardiovascular assessment was performed before and after every experimental session. The experimental procedures consisted of two familiarization sessions, load determination, and two experimental sessions (one or three series) for each group. Results: In the intragroup analysis, HR was found to be reduced in the normotensive group. In the hypertensive group, a reduction in the double product was observed after both Pilates sessions, and in the normotensive group only after the session with one series. The volume of exercises of the Pilates method did not interfere in the responses of systolic and diastolic BP after exercise. However, a more prominent area under the curve was seen in the systolic BP of hypertensive subjects who performed three series. Conclusion: The present study shows that performing one or three series of the Pilates exercise does not induce hypotension post-exercise and did not interfere in the cardiovascular responses of medicated hypertensive women.

Contribuições da prática de pilates na aptidão física e na força de preensão manual de idosos / Elderly physical fitness and manual grip strength improvement as a result of pilates

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência do Pilates de solo na aptidão física e na força de preensão manual de idosos. Participaram do estudo 11 idosos, nove mulheres e dois homens, com média de idade de 68,73 anos (DP= 6,06). Estes realizaram 34 sessões de exercícios do Pilates de Solo, em 17 semanas, duas vezes por semana, com duração de 60 minutos cada sessão. No início da intervenção foi aplicada a ficha diagnóstica em forma de entrevista individual. Antes e após a intervenção foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: medidas antropométricas, preensão manual e a bateria de testes físicos para idosos (Senior Fitness Test ­ SFT). Quanto às aptidões físicas verificou-se diferença significativa após o programa de Pilates de solo na força dos membros superiores e inferiores, flexibilidade de membros inferiores, agilidade/equilíbrio dinâmico e resistência aeróbia. Não houve diferença na flexibilidade de membros superiores e na força de preensão manual. Concluiu-se neste estudo que o Método Pilates de solo influenciou na melhora da força, flexibilidade de membros inferiores, agilidade/equilíbrio dinâmico e resistência aeróbia, demonstrando ser um método que proporciona benefícios na aptidão física dos idosos.

The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of Mat Pilates in physical fitness and manual grip strength of the elderly. Eleven elderly individuals - 9 women and two men - with mean age of 68.73 years (SD = 6.06) participated in the study. They were submitted to 34 sessions of Mat Pilates exercises twice a week for 17 weeks, with 60-minute sessions. At the beginning of the intervention, a diagnostic form was applied in the form of an individual interview. Before and after the intervention, the following instruments were applied: anthropometric measures, manual gripping and a set of physical tests for the elderly (Senior Fitness Test - SFT). Regarding physical fitness, there was a significant difference after the Pilates program on the upper and lower limb strength, lower limb flexibility, dynamic agility/balance, and aerobic resistance. No differences were found in upper limb flexibility and manual grip strength. It can be concluded that the Mat Pilates Method influenced the improvement of the strength, flexibility of lower limbs, dynamic agility/balance and aerobic resistance, proving to be a method that provides benefits in the physical fitness of the elderly.

Intervención propioceptiva a corto plazo para el déficit de equilibrio estático en futbolistas infantiles / Short-term proprioceptive intervention for static balance deficit in child soccer players

Introducción: El fútbol es un deporte de varias acciones motrices, que provoca en el cuerpo un desequilibrio constante, enfatizado en edades tempranas, siendo a su vez la propiocepción una estrategia para potenciar el equilibrio en futbolistas de iniciación. Objetivo: Valorar los efectos de una intervención propioceptiva a corto plazo sobre el déficit de equilibrio en miembros inferiores de futbolistas infantiles. Métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental de corte transversal a una población de 12 futbolistas infantiles (10-12 años), se aplicó un entrenamiento propioceptivo de cuatro semanas de duración enfatizando en aspectos específicos para potenciar el equilibrio corporal en su fase estática. Se valoraron tres variables para cada pie a partir de la aplicación del Y Balance Test en dos momentos de la preparación deportiva. Resultados: El test empleado determinó un nivel de significancia estadística: Pie Derecho Movimiento Izquierdo (p= 0,005), Pie Derecho Movimiento Central (p= 0,004), Pie Derecho Movimiento Derecho (p= 0,005), Pie Izquierdo Movimiento Izquierdo (p= 0,003), Pie Izquierdo Movimiento Central (p= 0,003), Pie Izquierdo Movimiento Derecho (p= 0,004). Conclusiones: Un entrenamiento propioceptivo a corto plazo es efectivo para mejorar significativamente el equilibrio estático en extremidades inferiores en futbolistas infantiles(AU)

Introduction: Soccer is a sport of several motor actions, which causes a constant imbalance in the body, emphasized at an early age, is the proprioception of a strategy to strengthen the balance in initiation players. Objective: To assess the effects of a short-term proprioceptive intervention on the balance deficit in lower limbs of child soccer players. Methods: Quasi-experimental cross-sectional study of a population of 12 child soccer players (10-12 years), a four-week proprioceptive training was applied, emphasizing specific aspects to enhance body balance in its static phase. Three variables were assessed for each foot from the application of the Y Balance Test in two moments of sports preparation. Results: The test used determined a level of statistical significance: Right Foot Left Movement (p= 0.005), Right Foot Central Movement (p= 0.004), Right Foot Right Movement (p= 0.005), Left Foot Left Movement (p= 0.003), Left Foot Central Movement (p= 0.003), Left Foot Right Movement (p= 0.004). Conclusions: Short-term proprioceptive training is effective in significantly improving the static balance in the lower extremities in child soccer players(AU)

Desempenho muscular respiratório após 12 sessões de treinamento utilizando o aparelho Reformer do método Pilates / Rendimiento muscular respiratorio después de 12 sesiones de entrenamiento utilizando el aparato Reformer del método Pilates / Respiratory muscle performance after 12 sessions of training using the apparatus Reformer of Pilates method

RESUMO Analisar o desempenho muscular respiratório em praticantes de exercícios utilizando o aparelho Reformer do Método Pilates após um treinamento de 12 sessões. O estudo foi realizado com 24 voluntárias, adultas jovens, saudáveis, não tabagistas e não praticantes de exercício físico regular, divididas em Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo Treinado (GT). Os dois grupos foram submetidos às avaliações inicial e final para análise do desempenho dos músculos respiratórios por meio da manovacuometria e da eletromiografia do músculo reto abdominal. Utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a normalidade dos dados. A análise de variância two-way foi empregada para as comparações entre os grupos (GT e GC) e os momentos (inicial e final). Para comparações múltiplas, utilizou-se o teste post-hoc de Scheffé. Os GC e GT foram pareados para idade e IMC e, para verificação de diferenças entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste t pareado. Considerou-se p<0,05 para significância. Houve diferença significante (p=0,039) entre os valores iniciais (116,6 ± 12,8) e finais (120 ± 12,8) de PImáx no GT, assim como entre os valores iniciais (75,3 ± 12,4) e finais (89,3 ± 13,7) de PEmáx nesse mesmo grupo (p=0,0005). Para a eletromiografia houve diferença significante (p=0,03) entre o momento inicial (42,1 ± 15,8) e final (76,7 ± 37,1) do GT para o músculo reto abdominal esquerdo. Conclui-se que as doze sessões de Pilates utilizando o aparelho Reformer melhoraram o desempenho muscular respiratório, aumentando a força da musculatura inspiratória e expiratória.

RESUMEN Evaluar el rendimiento de los músculos respiratorios en practicantes de ejercicios utilizando el método Reformer de Pilates después de un entrenamiento de 12 sesiones. Este estudio se realizó con 24 voluntarios, adultos jóvenes, sanos, no fumadores y no deportistas regulares, siendo divididos en grupo control (GC) y grupo entrenado (GE). El GE participó en un programa de entrenamiento ejecutando 6 ejercicios en el aparato Reformer. Ambos grupos se sometieron a evaluaciones iniciales y finales para analizar el rendimiento de los músculos respiratorios mediante la manovacuometría y la electromiografía del músculo recto abdominal. La prueba de Shapiro-Wilk se utilizó para verificar la normalidad de los datos. Se utilizó el análisis de varianza two-way para las comparaciones entre los grupos (GE y GC) y los momentos (inicial y final). Para comparaciones múltiples, se utilizó la prueba post-hoc de Scheffé. El GC y el GE se emparejaron por edad e IMC mediante la prueba t pareada. Se consideró el valor de significación p<0,05. Se observó una diferencia significativa (p=0,039) entre los valores iniciales (116,6 ± 12,8) y finales (120 ± 12,8) de PImax en el grupo entrenado, así como entre los valores de iniciales (75,3 ± 12,4) y finales (89,3 ± 13,7) de PEmax en el mismo grupo (p=0,0005). En la electromiografía, se observó una diferencia significativa (p=0,03) entre los momentos inicial (42,1 ± 15,8) y final (76,7 ± 37,1) del GE para el músculo recto abdominal izquierdo. Se concluye que las 12 sesiones de Pilates utilizando el aparato Reformer mejoran el rendimiento de los músculos respiratorios, aumentando la fuerza muscular inspiratoria y espiratoria.

ABSTRACT To analyze respiratory muscle performance in exercise practitioners using the Reformer of Pilates method after a 12-session training. This study was carried out with 24 volunteers, healthy young adults, non-smokers and non-regular exercisers, divided into control group (CG) and trained group (TG). The TG participated in a training program executing 6 exercises in the Reformer apparatus. Both groups were submitted to the initial and final evaluations to analyze the performance of the respiratory muscles through the manovacuometry and electromyography of the rectus abdominis muscle. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the data normality. Two-way analysis of variance was used for the comparisons between the groups (TG and CG) and moments (Initial and Final). For multiple comparisons, the Scheffé post hoc test was used. The groups Control and Trained were paired by age and BMI by paired t test. P <0.05 was considered for significance. A significant difference (p=0039) was observed between the initial (116.6 ± 12.8) and final (120 ± 12.8) values of MIP in the trained group, as well as between baseline values (75.3 ± 12.4) and final (89.3 ± 13.7) of MEP in the same group (p=0.0005). For electromyography, a significant difference (p=0.03) was observed between the initial (42.1 ± 15.8) and final (76.7 ± 37.1) moments of the TG for the left rectus abdominis muscle. The conclusion is that the 12 Pilates sessions using the Reformer apparatus improve respiratory muscle performance, increasing the inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength.

Symmetric-electromyographic analysis in the evaluation of scoliosis treatment / Análise por simetrografia e eletromiografia na avaliação de tratamento da escoliose / Análisis por simetrografía y electromiografía en la evaluación de tratamiento de la escoliosis

INTRODUCTION: Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, characterized by a lateral shift that affects body posture. The Pilates Method (PM) promotes alterations in the biomechanics and neuromuscular activation pattern. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze electromyography (EMG) and symmetrography (SMTG) technologies applied in the evaluation of neuromuscular and postural effects on right convex thoracolumbar scoliosis (RCTS) after applying a PM therapeutic protocol. METHODS: This is an exploratory study of 5 male and female adolescents, with an average age of 14.4 years. The subjects underwent postural asymmetry assessments through SMTG and neuromuscular assessment through surface EMG of the trapezius (TRAP), erector spinae (ERE), oblique (OBLI) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles. The electromyographic signals were processed in the temporal (EMGAmp) and spectral (EMGFmed) domains. The therapeutic protocol consisted of 24 sessions of Pilates floor exercises held twice a week with a duration of 45 minutes. RESULTS: There was an improvement in scoliosis and asymmetric shoulders in one subject (20%) and in three other subjects with hip asymmetry. There was an improvement in one subject (33.33%), as demonstrated by SMTG. EMGAmp measurements demonstrated a significant difference between before and after (p≈0) and among the muscles (p≈0). EMGFmed measurements demonstrated that there was only a difference between before and after (p≈0). It was verified that the most noteworthy muscles in terms of EMGAmp were TRAP and ERE, emphasizing the existence of an increase in the mean EMGAmp for ERE. Muscle behavior for measurements in EMGFmed demonstrated a higher mean increase for RA and OBLI muscles. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the EMG and SMTG technologies are important tests for monitoring the progress of scoliosis and in treatment decisions. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating diagnostic tests.

INTRODUÇÃO: A escoliose é uma deformidade tridimensional da coluna vertebral, caracterizada por um desvio lateral que afeta a postura corporal. O método Pilates (MP) promove alterações na biomecânica e no padrão de ativação neuromuscular. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a eletromiografia (EMG) e a simetrografia (SMTG) aplicadas na avaliação dos efeitos neuromusculares e posturais sobre a escoliose toracolombar destro-convexa (ETLDC), após aplicação de um protocolo terapêutico do MP. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório com cinco adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 14,4 anos. Os pesquisados foram submetidos a avaliações de assimetria postural por meio da SMTG e avaliação neuromuscular por meio da EMG de superfície dos músculos trapézio (TRAP), eretores da espinha (ERE), oblíquos (OBLI) e reto do abdome (RA). Os sinais eletromiográficos foram processados nos domínios temporal (EMGAmp) e espectral (EMGFmed). O protocolo terapêutico foi constituído por 24 sessões do MP de solo, aplicado duas vezes por semana, com duração de 45 minutos. RESULTADOS: Houve melhora da escoliose e dos ombros assimétricos em um indivíduo (20%) e em três outros com assimetria de quadril; houve melhora em um indivíduo, (33,33%), de acordo com a SMTG. As medidas da EMGAmp demonstraram diferença significativa entre antes e depois (p≈0) e entre os músculos (p≈0). As medidas da EMGFmed demonstraram que houve diferença apenas entre antes e depois (p≈0). Verificou-se que os músculos de maior destaque para EMGAmp foram TRAP e ERE, ressaltando que houve um aumento na média de EMGAmp para ERE. O comportamento da musculatura para as medidas em EMGFmed demonstrou aumento médio superior para os músculos RA e OBLI. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que as tecnologias da EMG e a SMTG são importantes exames no acompanhamento do quadro evolutivo da escoliose e nas decisões de tratamento. Nível de Evidência III; Estudos Diagnósticos - Investigação de testes diagnósticos.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La escoliosis es una deformidad tridimensional de la columna vertebral, caracterizada por un desvío lateral que afecta la postura corporal. El método Pilates (MP) promueve alteraciones en la biomecánica y en el patrón de activación neuromuscular. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la electromiografía (EMG) y la simetrografía (SMTG) aplicadas en la evaluación de los efectos neuromusculares y posturales sobre la escoliosis toracolumbar dextroconvexa (ETLDC) después de aplicación de un protocolo terapéutico del MP. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio exploratorio con cinco adolescentes de ambos sexos con edad promedio de 14,4 años. Los encuestados fueron sometidos a evaluaciones de asimetría postural por medio de la SMTG y evaluación neuromuscular por medio de la EMG de superficie de los músculos trapecio (TRAP), erectores espinales (ERE), oblicuos (OBLI) y recto abdominal (RA). Las señales electromiográficas fueron procesadas en los dominios temporal (EMGAmp) y espectral (EMGFmed). El protocolo terapéutico fue constituido por 24 sesiones de MP de suelo, aplicado dos veces por semana, con duración de 45 minutos. RESULTADOS: Hubo mejora de la escoliosis y de los hombros asimétricos en un individuo (20%) y en tres otros con asimetría de cadera; hubo mejora en un individuo, (33,33%), de acuerdo con la SMTG. Las medidas de la EMGAmp demostraron diferencia significativa entre antes y después (p≈0) y entre los músculos (p≈0). Las medidas de la EMGFmed demostraron que hubo diferencia sólo entre antes y después (p≈0). Se verificó que los músculos de mayor destaque para EMGAmp fueron TRAP y ERE, resaltando que hubo un aumento en el promedio de EMGAmp para ERE. El comportamiento de la musculatura para las medidas en EMGFmed demostró un aumento promedio superior para los músculos RA y OBLI. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que las tecnologías de la EMG y la SMTG son importantes exámenes en el acompañamiento del cuadro evolutivo de la escoliosis y en las decisiones die tratamiento. Nivel de evidencia III, Estudios Diagnósticos - Investigación de Exámenes Diagnósticos.

Efeito cardiovascular superior do modelo periodizado para prescrição de exercícios comparado ao convencional em coronariopatas / Superior cardiovascular effect of the periodized model for prescribed exercises as compared to the conventional one in coronary diseases

O exercício físico melhora a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida de pacientes coronarianos, mas a maneira ideal de prescrevê-lo é ainda controversa. Criar um modelo periodizado para prescrição de exercícios para pacientes coronarianos e compará-lo com o modelo convencional. Randomização de 62 pacientes coronarianos em tratamento farmacológico em dois grupos: treinamento convencional, não periodizado (GNP, n = 33) e periodizado (GP, n = 29). Os dois grupos foram submetidos aos mesmos exercícios durante as 36 sessões do programa, mas prescritos de maneira diferente. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à seguinte avaliação: consulta médica admissional, teste de esforço cardiopulmonar, teste de 1 repetição máxima (1RM) e avaliação da composição corporal. O VO2 pico melhorou nos dois grupos, embora de maneira mais efetiva no GP (4% versus 1,7%, p < 0,001). Além disso, a capacidade funcional do GP aumentou em 13%, tendo havido significativa redução no percentual de gordura corporal (2,1%, p < 0,005) e no peso corporal (1,9 kg, p < 0,005). A força muscular nos dois grupos melhorou como diagnosticado pelo teste de 1RM para seis diferentes grupos musculares (quádriceps, isquiotibiais, bíceps, tríceps braquial, peitoral e grande dorsal), mas sem diferença significativa entre os grupos, tendo os dois modelos a mesma eficiência. O presente estudo mostrou que a periodização do treinamento de pacientes cardíacos pode melhorar a capacidade cardiorrespiratória e reduzir a porcentagem de gordura corporal mais efetivamente do que o modelo convencional

Physical exercise improves the survival and quality of life of coronary patients, but the ideal way of prescribing these exercises is still controversial. To create a new periodized model for the prescription of exercises for coronary patients and compare it with a conventional model. 62 coronary patients under pharmacological treatment were randomized into two groups: conventional (NPG, n = 33) and periodized (PG, n = 29) training. The two groups were submitted to the same exercises during the 36 sessions making up the program, but prescribed in different ways. All patients underwent an evaluation consisting of: medical admission consultancy, cardiopulmonary endurance testing, 1 maximum repetition test (1MR) and body composition evaluation. The VO2 peak improved in both groups, although more effectively in the PG (4% against 1.7%, p < 0.001). In addition, the functional capacity of this group improved by 13%, and there was a significant reduction in the percent body fat (2.1%, p < 0.005) and body weight (1.9 kg, p < 0.005). The muscle strength of both groups improved as diagnosed by the 1RM test for six different muscle groups (quadriceps, hamstrings, brachial biceps, brachial triceps, pectoral and large dorsal), and showed no significant difference between the groups, evidencing that the two models had the same efficiency. The present study showed that periodization of the training of cardiac patients can improve their cardiorespiratory capacity and reduce the percent body fat more effectively than the conventional one

Sports Practices and Cardiovascular Risk in Teenagers / Práticas Esportivas e Risco Cardiovascular em Adolescentes

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of deaths in the world, and many events could be prevented by healthy life habits. Objectives: To compare the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents enrolled at public schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, including a renowned school for sport practices. Methods: Cross-sectional study, convenience sampling of 422 students enrolled at the Experimental Olympic Gymnasium (EOG) and at Figueiredo Pimentel School (FP). Using descriptive analyses, continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile ranges, and the Student's t-test or the chi-square test, respectively, was used for comparisons. The sports were classified according to the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) (below or above 5). Results: We included 274 students enrolled at the EOG and 148 at FP. Mean age was similar between schools -12.5 ± 1.6 years at FP and 12.6 ± 0.9 at the EOG; 65.5% of the students at FP and 43.8% of the students at the EOG were female (p < 0.01). Significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension (20% vs. 6.3%, p < 0.01) and borderline cholesterol levels (27.7% vs. 17.3%, p = 0.01) were found between FP and EOG students, respectively. Conclusion: High prevalence of hypertension, overweight/obesity and altered blood lipid profile was found in this group of adolescents. Regular sports training program combined with little influence of their eating habits outside school may contribute to a better metabolic profile and reduction in cardiovascular risk factors in students. Public health measures are also need.

Resumo Fundamento: As doenças cardiovasculares são a maior causa de mortes no mundo e muitos eventos poderiam ser evitados por meio de hábitos saudáveis de vida. Objetivos: Comparar a ocorrência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes de escolas públicas do município do Rio de Janeiro, sendo uma delas, modelo em práticas esportivas. Métodos: Estudo transversal; amostra de conveniência de 422 escolares do Ginásio Experimental Olímpico (GEO) e da Escola Municipal Figueiredo Pimentel (FP). Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados utilizando média e desvio-padrão (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para variáveis contínuas (testes t de Student e qui-quadrado para comparação, respectivamente). As modalidades esportivas foram classificadas de acordo com o equivalente metabólico (MET), se abaixo ou acima de 5. Resultados: duzentos e setenta e quatro alunos eram do GEO e 148 da FP. A média de idade era semelhante - 12,5 ± 1,6 na EMFP e 12,6 ± 0,9 no GEO; 65,5% dos alunos eram do sexo feminino na FP e 43,8% no GEO (p < 0,01). Da amostra geral, 40% apresentaram sobrepeso ou obesidade. Observaram-se diferenças entre a prevalência de hipertensão (20% vs. 6,3%; p < 0,01 nos alunos da FP e do GEO, respectivamente) e de níveis de colesterol total considerados limítrofes (27,7% vs. 17,3%; p = 0,01 na FP e no GEO, respectivamente). Conclusão: Hipertensão, sobrepeso/obesidade e lipidograma capilar alterado foram muito prevalentes nos adolescentes. Um programa de treinamento esportivo regular com menos interferência alimentar extraescola parece contribuir para um melhor perfil metabólico e menor risco cardiovascular entre estudantes. Ainda, medidas efetivas de saúde pública são necessárias.

The influence of inspiratory muscle training combined with the Pilates method on lung function in elderly women: A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: Aging is progressive, and its effects on the respiratory system include changes in the composition of the connective tissues of the lung that influence thoracic and lung compliance. The Powerbreathe® K5 is a device used for inspiratory muscle training with resistance adapted to the level of the inspiratory muscles to be trained. The Pilates method promotes muscle rebalancing exercises that emphasize the powerhouse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of inspiratory muscle training combined with the Pilates method on lung function in elderly women. METHODS: The participants were aged sixty years or older, were active women with no recent fractures, and were not gait device users. They were randomly divided into a Pilates with inspiratory training group (n=11), a Pilates group (n=11) and a control group (n=9). Spirometry, manovacuometry, a six-minute walk test, an abdominal curl-up test, and pulmonary variables were assessed before and after twenty intervention sessions. RESULTS: The intervention led to an increase in maximal inspiratory muscle strength and pressure and power pulmonary variables (p<0.0001), maximal expiratory muscle strength (p<0.0014), six-minute walk test performance (p<0.01), and abdominal curl-up test performance (p<0.00001). The control group showed no differences in the analyzed variables (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest inspiratory muscle training associated with the Pilates method provides an improvement in the lung function and physical conditioning of elderly patients.

Pilates for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis / Pilates para mulheres com câncer de mama: revisão sistemática e metanálise

Summary Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading type of cancer causing death in women worldwide. The incidence of the disease is expected to grow worldwide due to the aging of the population and risk factors related to lifestyle behaviors. Considering the lifestyle of women with breast cancer before or after surgery, pilates exercise may be a complementary intervention additionally to standard treatment. Objective: To analyze the efficacy of pilates compared to other exercises and to no exercise for women with breast cancer diagnosis. Method: We searched Medline via Pubmed, Embase via Ovid, Amed via EBSCO, Biosis via Ovid, Lilacs and the Cochrane Library for relevant publications until March 2017. The keywords used were pilates and "breast cancer," and only randomized controlled trials were included. Critical appraisal was done using Risk of Bias Tool and GRADE score for assessing the quality of evidence. Results: A total of five studies were included in our review. Our results demonstrate that pilates or home-based exercises are better than no exercise in each individual study. We observed significant improvements in the pilates groups compared to home-based exercises. Additionally, in the individual studies, we observed improvements in range of motion, pain and fatigue. Conclusion: The evidence shows that pilates or home-based exercise should be encouraged to women with breast cancer.

Resumo Introdução: O câncer de mama é o principal tipo de câncer que causa morte em mulheres em todo o mundo. Estima-se que a doença cresça em razão do envelhecimento da população e dos fatores de risco relacionados ao comportamento e estilo de vida. Considerando o estilo de vida das mulheres com câncer de mama antes ou após a cirurgia, o exercício de pilates pode ser uma intervenção complementar, além do tratamento padrão. Objetivo: Analisar a eficácia do pilates em relação a outros exercícios e a nenhum exercício para mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer de mama. Método: Buscamos em Medline via Pubmed, Embase via Ovid, Amed via EBSCO, Biosis via Ovid, Lilacs e Cochrane Library publicações relevantes até março de 2017. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram pilates e "câncer de mama"; apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados foram incluídos. A avaliação crítica foi feita com a ferramenta Risk of Bias e escore GRADE para avaliar a qualidade da evidência. Resultados: Um total de cinco estudos foi incluído nesta revisão. Nossos resultados demonstram que pilates ou exercícios feitos em casa são melhores do que a ausência de exercícios em cada estudo individual. Observamos melhorias significativas no grupo de pilates em comparação com exercícios em casa. Adicionalmente, nos estudos individuais observamos melhorias na amplitude de movimento, dor e fadiga. Conclusão: A evidência mostra que pilates ou exercícios em casa devem ser encorajados a mulheres com câncer de mama.

Imagem corporal após interrupção da atividade física Pilates / Body image after discontinuation of physical activity Pilates

Introdução: Em idades mais avançadas a insatisfação com a Imagem Corporal tende a ser frequente. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se as praticantes do método Pilates básico modificado têm sua imagem corporal alterada após a interrupção da atividade. Método: A amostra foi formada por 10 mulheres saudáveis com idades entre 49 a 65 anos. O instrumento utilizado para verificar alterações da Imagem Corporal foi a Escala de Medida da Imagem Corporal. Resultados: O resultado do estudo indicou que houve manutenção ou melhora da imagem corporal após seis meses sem a prática dessa atividade física. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a interrupção da prática do Pilates não interferiu na imagem corporal das participantes. (AU)

Introduction: In older ages dissatisfaction with Body Image tends to be frequent.Objective: The aim of the present study was to verify if practitioners of the modified basic Pilates method have their body image altered after activity interruption. Method: The sample consisted of 10 healthy women aged between 49 to 65 years. The instrument used to verify changes in Body Image was the Body Image Measurement Scale. Results: The result of the study indicated that there was maintenance or improvement of the body image after six months without the practice of this physical activity. Conclusion: It was concluded that the interruption of the practice of Pilates did not interfere in the participants' body image. (AU)

Effectiveness of the Pilates method for individuals with nonspecific low back pain: clinical and electromyographic aspects

AIMS: The aim of this study was to verify the influence of Pilates on muscle activation of lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis/internal oblique muscles (TrA/IO) in individuals with nonspecific low back pain. METHODS: Twelve individuals of both sexes with non-specific low back pain were evaluated before and after a two-month Pilates program in relation to electromyographic activity of LM and TrA/IO, as well as clinical aspects such as pain, flexibility, muscular endurance, quality of life; and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (in relation to physical and work-related activities. A statistical analysis was performed using a test for independent samples and significance was established at the level of 0.05. RESULTS: After eight weeks of Pilates training, there was an improvement in the clinical parameters of pain, flexibility, muscular endurance and disability. The individuals presented lower LM activation (p=0.025), higher trunk extension strength (p=0.005) and an increase in time from onset to peak muscle activation (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Pilates protocol was effective for clinical improvement and motor behavior in patients with nonspecific low back pain and the parameters assessed showed a large effect size despite the small sample.(AU)

Efeito da prática do Pilates Solo na massa muscular de mulheres idosas / The effect Mat Pilates practice on muscle mass in elderly women

Verificar se a prática de Pilates Solo aumenta a massa muscular de mulheres idosas. Métodos: estudo quase-experimental, com coleta de dados primários e com amostra de conveniência. Avaliou-se a massa muscular de 43 idosas por 11 semanas, por meio do cálculo da área muscular do braço, antes e depois da intervenção. Resultados: foi verificada diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,002) entre o valor da média da áreamuscular do braço, antes (35,56cm2) e após a prática dos exercícios (42,72cm2). Conclusão: o programa de Pilates aplicado no solo gera efeito positivo no aumento da massa muscular de idosas.

Objective: to verify that the Mat Pilates practice increases muscle mass in elderly women. Methods: quasi-experimental study with primary data collection and with a convenience sample. The muscle mass of 43 elderly was evaluated for 11 weeks, by calculating the arm muscle area, before and after the intervention. Results: statistically significant difference was observed (p<0.002) between the average value of the arm muscle area, before (35.56cm2) and after the exercises (42.72cm2). Conclusion: mat Pilates program generates positive effect on increasing the muscle mass of elderly.

Reabilitação na paralisia cerebral com o Nintendo ™ Wii ® associado ao Wii Fit ® / Rehabilitation in cerebral palsy with Nintendo ™ Wii ® associated with Wii Fit ®

Introdução: Paralisia cerebral constitui um grupo de distúrbios permanentes de movimento e postura, que causa limitação de atividades. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito da realidade virtual, na função motora ampla e no equilíbrio na paralisia cerebral. Métodos: Dez sujeitos, entre 7 e 14 anos, selecionados pelo Gross Motor Function Classification System, nível I, II ou III, com capacidade de cognição verificada pelo miniexame do estado mental, foram avaliados pré- e pós-intervenção utilizando-se medida da função motora grossa e escala de equilíbrio de Berg. O treinamento com realidade virtual foi elaborado a partir dos jogos inseridos no pacote do Wii Fit®. Resultados: Todos apresentaram melhora na função motora ampla e no equilíbrio, com mediana pré- e pós-intervenção de 90,41% e 93,63%; 51,5% e 53,5%, respectivamente, após 24 sessões. Conclusões: O protocolo com realidade virtual propiciou melhoras clínicas, porém, não estatisticamente significativas, mas constatou-se o aperfeiçoamento na função motora ampla e no equilíbrio.

Introduction: Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent disorders of movement and posture causing activity limitation. Objective: To assess the effect of virtual reality in gross motor function and balance in cerebral palsy. Methods: Ten subjects between 7 and 14 years old were selected by the Gross Motor Function Classification System, levels I, II, or III, and their cognitive capacity verified by the mini-mental state examination in order to assess pre- and post-intervention using the gross motor function measure and the Berg balance scale. The training with virtual reality was developed on top of the games included in the Wii Fit package®. Results: All participants showed an improvement in gross motor function, and in the balance, with the pre- and post-intervention median as 90.41 and 93.63; 51.5 and 53.5, respectively, after 24 sessions. Conclusions: The protocol with virtual reality led to clinical improvements, though not statistically significant, but we noted the improvement in gross motor function and balance.

Perfil dos pacientes com DPOC que melhoram a capacidade de exercício após treinamento / Profile of patients with COPD who improve exercise capacity after training

Introdução: Fatores associados à melhora no incremental shuttle walking test (ISWT), em pacientes com DPOC não estão claros. Objetivo: Identificar o perfil dos pacientes com melhor desempenho no ISWT após treinamento físico. Métodos: Quarenta e dois pacientes com DPOC foram separados em dois grupos: melhora (GM) no ISWT (≥20 metros) e não melhora (GNM). Foram avaliados: espirometria, ISWT, teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6min), sensação de dispneia, dados antropométricos e de gravidade da doença. Resultados: Após treinamento, houve melhora na distância do ISWT (P=0,03). O GM apresentou pior desempenho no ISWT (P<0,0001) e maior sensação de dispneia (P=0,04) antes do treinamento. Os integrantes do GM e do GNM não apresentaram diferenças em relação aos dados antropométricos, bem como de gravidade da doença. Conclusões: Pacientes com mais sintomas e pior desempenho no ISWT inicial parecem ser os que mais melhoram sua capacidade máxima de exercício após treinamento físico.

Introduction: Factors associated with improvement in the incremental shuttle walking test (ISWT), in COPD patients, are not clear. Objective: To identify the profile of patients with better performance in the ISWT after physical training. Methods: Forty-two patients with COPD were separated into two groups: improvement (IG) in the ISWT (≥20 meters), and no improvement (NIG). Spirometry, ISWT, six-minute walk test (6MWT), sensations of dyspnea, anthropometric data and disease severity were evaluated. Results: After training, there was an improvement in the ISWT (P = 0.03). Patients from the IG showed poorer performance in the ISWT (P <0.0001) and greater sensation of dyspnea (P = 0.04) before training. Participants in the IG and NIG did not show any differences in anthropometric data and disease severity. Conclusions: Patients with more symptoms and poorer performance on the initial ISWT seem to be the ones who improve more after physical training.